Zürcher Nachrichten - Iran says 3,117 killed in protests, activists fear 'far higher' toll

Demonstrations and strikes initially sparked by economic grievances turned into a mass movement against the clerical leadership that has ruled Iran since the 1979 revolution, with people pouring into the streets in mass protests for several days from January 8.

However the protests appear for now to have petered out in the face of what activists describe as a crackdown under the cover of a blanket internet shutdown.

The clerical authorities have condemned the protest wave as a "terrorist" incident characterised by violent "riots" fuelled by the United States. Rights groups however say thousands of protesters demanding change were killed by direct fire from the security forces.

In the first official toll from the authorities, a statement by Iran's foundation for veterans and martyrs, cited by state television, said a total of 3,117 people were killed during protests.

Of these, 2,427 people in that toll including members of the security forces were considered under Islam to be "martyrs", with the statement calling them "innocent" victims.

"The 690 people who are not among the martyrs are terrorists, rioters, and those who attacked military sites," Ali Akbar Pourjamshidian, secretary of Iran's National Security Council, told state TV.

He said the high number of "martyrs" showed the "restraint and tolerance of the security forces" during protests.

But Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam, director of Norway-based Iran Human Rights (IHR) NGO, said "all available evidence emerging from Iran indicates that the real number of people killed during the protests is far higher."

"The Islamic republic has a well-documented pattern of systematic underreporting of lethal state violence," he told AFP, warning that if the same pattern of Iran's underreporting of executions is applied here "the actual number of people killed could be in the range of 25,000".

He said while the authorities attempt to "deflect responsibility... the evidence we have consistently points to state responsibility -- protesters were shot by security forces and their proxies, using live ammunition, including heavy machine guns".

- 'World is watching' -

All organisations monitoring the toll have said that efforts to give a precise figure are being severely impeded by the ongoing Internet blackout imposed by authorities in the Islamic republic, which according to monitor Netblocks has now lasted over 300 hours.

The statement by the foundation for veterans and martyrs, quoted by state television, said "many of the martyrs were bystanders" shot dead during the protests.

It also claimed that "some were protesters who were shot by organised terrorist elements in the crowd", without providing evidence or details.

Rights groups, including Amnesty International, have accused security forces of deliberately targeting protesters from rooftops and also seeking to shoot protesters in the eyes.

Rights group Hengaw, also based in Norway, said it had verified the killing of eight more women by security forces in the protests and said it could now confirm a total of 42 women had been killed.

The veterans and martyrs foundation condemned the "treacherous hand of Iran's enemies", accusing the "criminal leaders" of the United States of "supporting, equipping and arming" those who carried out the violence.

- 'No turning back' -

In a bid to show the damage caused by the protests, Tehran municipality on Wednesday showed journalists on an escorted official tour roughly a dozen charred buses lined up in the parking lot of a bus depot in the capital.

A key protagonist in the protest movement was Reza Pahlavi, the son of the ousted shah. The US-based Pahlavi called for nightly protests and said he was ready to return to Iran.

In a rare interview, his mother, the former empress Farah Pahlavi told AFP from her home in Paris in written answers to questions there was "no turning back" after the wave of protests.

US President Donald Trump has never ruled out military action over the crackdown, although expectations of a swift American response have now receded.

Iranian General Abolfazl Shekarchi, the spokesman of the Iranian armed forces, warned Trump that Tehran would attack him if supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei was targeted.

In a News Nation interview that aired Tuesday, Trump responded: "I have very firm instructions. Anything happens, they're going to wipe them off the face of this earth."

M.J.Baumann--NZN